THE ERRORS ANALYSIS USING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES BY THE THIRD SEMESTER STUDENTS OF PGRI RONGGOLAWE UNIVERSITY AT TUBAN

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION


1.1 Background of the Study
English is an international language, which is used by most people all over the world, taught and learnt in many countries either as second language or foreign language. Language are not just a symbols. They also often comform to rough a grammar, or system of rules, used to manipulate the symbols. While a set of symbols may be used for expression or communication, it is primitive and relatively unexpressive, because there are no clear or regular relationships between the symbols. Because a language also often has a grammar, it can manipulate its symbols to express clear and regula relationships between them. (www.wikipedia .or.com,accessed on june 15 2008).
In Indonesia, English is the first foreign language which is taught and learnt from elementary school until university. The objective and purpose of teaching English is students are able to communicate with English either spoken or written. In other words the students have the English skill in listening, speaking, reading, and writing.
In university especially in English Department, all of the fours skills and whatever that supports to reach the purpose of teaching English are taught intensively and completely, but there are some students still have limit in understanding each skill.
One of skills that become problem the student is writing especially in understanding and using English grammar. Grammar deals with the organization or morphemic units into meaningful combinations. There is a fact that it cannot be denied that the use of language is governed by rules. Manser defines grammar as the rules for farming word and making sentences (1991:182).
As for as the writer knows the students often make errors in doing items of English grammar. Hendrickson (1980: 155) states that many language educators have proposed that foreign language, teachers should expect many errors from their students and should accept those errors as a natural phenomenon integral to the process of learning a second language Even though their teacher or lectures have given the pattern clearly and also examples that are related to the material.
There are many kinds of English Grammar which are learnt by the students. Adjective clause is one of lessons in English Grammar that is taught and learnt by the fourth semester students of English Department at UNIROW Tuban, but it is still found mistakes or errors in doing items of adjective clauses. Corder ( 1973:257) states that errors are breaches of the code, meaning, they are against the grammatical rules of the language and result in unacceptable utterance.
Adjective clauses are consists two parts. Adjective clauses that do not require commas are called “essential adjective clauses that require commas are called “non essential”. Non essential adjective clauses are more common in writing than speaking. Many students ignore in writing of non essential adjective clauses. Therefore they still often made errors when did the items of non essential adjective clauses.
Error analysis is one way to know the errors that are made by the students. Based on Keating (1981:212) errors analysis involves collecting errors, studying them in various ways and suggesting possible cause.
According to the argument above, the writer thinks what important to correct errors in using adjective clauses. That is why the writer chooses “THE ERRORS ANALYSIS IN USING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES BY THE THIRD SEMESTER STUDENTS OF PGRI RONGGOLAWE UNIVERSITY AT TUBAN” as the title of her skripsi.

1.2 Statement of the Problem
According to the background of the study above, the writer has some problems that are going to be answered as follow:
1. What errors in using non essential adjective clauses are made by the fourth semester students?
2. How far is the students’ ability in understanding each term of non essential adjective clauses?

1.3 Objective of the Study
Based on the statement of the problems above, the writer has some purposes:
1. To find out what students’ errors in doing items of non essential adjective clauses.
2. To describe how far students’ ability in understanding each term of non essential adjective clauses.

1.4 Limitation of the Study
Limitation is very useful for the writer to determine the problems that will be an analyzed, so the writer only tries to explain the errors analysis in using adjective clauses by the fourth semester students of PGRI Ronggolawe University at Tuban.

1.5 Significance of the Study
The writer expects that this study will be useful for the lecturers, students and also the readers who read the result of the study.
1. To the lecturers
The results of this study is intended to become an input for them for the importance of giving more exercises about adjective clauses.
2. To the students
The writer hopes the students will be able to do adjective clause items well.

1.6 Definition of the Key Terms
In order to lead the readers of the study to have a better understanding of it, the writer will explain the definition of the main terms. Those are:
1. Error analysis involves collecting errors, studying them, classifying then in various ways and suggesting possible cause ( Keating, 1981:212).
2. Adjective clause is dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies, or gives further information about a noun. Adjective clauses that require commas are called “non essential” ( Azar, 1993:238)
3. Fourth semester is a grade of English Department.
4. PGRI Ronggolawe University is a name of the university is located on Jl. Manunggal No. 61 Tuban.








There are six kinds of sample.They are
1 Random Sampling
It is the way to take the sample where each of research unity from population has the same chance to choose the sample.
2. Systematic Sampling
It is taking sample only take the first element while another is chosen by the certain form.
3. Stratafied Random Sampling
It is taking sample where the population is taken by devided into separate strata or stage with the same chance.
4. Cluster Sampling
It is taking by groups of individual in the population.
5. Sequential Sampling
It is use the way to take the sample from the little sample then it is analyzed. If the researcher feels uncertain the sample will be developed to big.
6. Purposive Sampling
It is taking sample by attention the certain characteristic of population.
For these research, the writer chooses purposive sampling technique. So to take this sample ,the researcher should know the characteristic of each sample. The writer focused on morning class of English Department and found thirty three students as her sample.
























CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE



4 The Definition of Errors
5 Error Analysis
6 The Significance of the Learners’ Errors
7 The Causes of Errors
i. Interlingual Errors
ii. Intralingual Errors
8 The Categories of Errors
i. Communicative Effect Taxonomy
ii. Linguistic Category
iii. Surface Strategy
iv. Comparative Taxonomy
9 Adjective Clauses
i. Punctuation of Adjective Clauses
ii. Expression of Quantity in Adjective Clauses
iii. Noun + of which
iv. Using which to Modify A whole Sentence
v. Reduction of Adjective Clauses to Adjective Phrases: Introduction
vi. Changing An Adjective Clause to An Adjective Phrase

















CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD


In this chapter the researcher would explain how the research method used here, the researcher tries to observe the third semester students of PGRI Ronggolawe Uiversity Tuban in order to know their ability in understanding grammar especially adjective clause lesson.
3.1 Research Design
In this study, the researcher only uses the test about non essential of adjective clauses.
Based on the explanation above the writer used both of qualitative and quantitative method, the writer want to analyze the errors in using adjective clauses and quantitative method to determine the frequency of errors made by the students.

3.2 Population and Sample
3.2.1 Polpulation
The population of this study is all of third semester, students of English Department in UNIROW Tuban. There are five classes consisting of A, B, C, D, and E class.
3.2.2 Sample
Sample is part of population that will be investigated and the sample must have at least one similar characteristic either natural or unnatural.
3.3 Instrument of the Study
To collect the data the researcher will use some instruments. The researcher hopes by using that instruments the researcher will be able to collect and analyze the data the researcher needs and will get a good result. That instrument is writing test in multiple choice items.
3.4 Procedure of Collecting Data
First the researcher would ask permission to chairwoman of English Department. Then meet the lecturer of class which has been chosen by the researcher, and also ask permission for giving some test outside from lesson process in the class.

3.5 Data Analysis
After the researcher collects the data she needs, the researcher has to process and analyse it in order to get information and a good result.
The data were in the form of errors in the use of adjective clauses found in the stdents’ answer sheet of multiple choice items. The test consisted of 20 items. After the students answer sheet had been collected, the data processing procedure was carried out. Each item the students could answer correctly would be given score five, if an item was answered wrongly zero was given. So, the maximum score is 100 when all items have answered correctly and the minimum score is zero when all items have been answered wrong.
To know the students mastery level in the use of adjective clause the writer calculated by using the formula as follows:
n x 100 = %
N

Notes:
n = the correct answer in each adjective clauses
N = the total item in each adjective clauses

The classification of score levels.


Interval Percentage
Classification
85% - 100%
75% - 84%
60% - 74%
40% - 59%
0% - 39% Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
Very Poor

According to Levin and Fox ( 1991: 24-26), the formula used for calculating percentage is as follows:
f x 100 = %
N

Notes:
n: The number of error of each types x 100%
The total number of error

After tabulated the data, the writer describes the result of the data analysis to answer the research problems.





































BIBLIOGRAPHY




Richard, Jack C. 1970. Error Analysis. London: Longman Group Limited.

Keating, Douglas Mc. 1981. Error Analysis. Great Britain: William Collins Sons and CO, Ltd.

Hadi, Sutrisno. 1988. Methodology Riset, Jilid I. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gajah Mada.

Azar, Betty Schramfer. 1993. Understanding and Using English Grammar. Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara.

Thompson, Aj, and Martinett, A.V. 1986. A Practical English Grammar. London: Oxford University Press.

Corder, S. Pit. 1967. The Significance of Learners Errors. Errors Analysis Ed. Jack Richards London: Longman Group Limited.

Lado, Robert. 1961. Language Testing: The Construction and use of Foreign Language Test. London: Longman Group Limited.

Corder, SP. 1974. Idiosyncratic Dialects and Error Analysis: Perspective on Second Language Acquisition. London: Longman Group Limited.